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The comparative advantage of urban goat production
Abstract Background Urban agriculture significantly contributes to food security. The two primary components of urban agriculture are livestock production and horticulture. The goat, Capra hircus, is one of the commonly raised food animals. Goats can be used to generate income, produce milk, meat, skins, furs (hairs) and manure and provide various sociocultural and ecological services. Objectives This study evaluates the significance of urban goat production and recommends ways to lessen the adverse impacts of urban goat production. Methods This report involved an in-depth interview with seven key informants in Adama and Addis Ababa cities. Results Goats can thrive in limited urban open spaces, scavenge leftovers from homes and open markets and browse on open public land. Goats can be incorporated into urban agriculture, in so doing contributing to a circular economy. Goats can thrive on a limited supply of water and feed and require less care and space. Goat farming is used to mitigate the adverse impact of climate change. Goats are naturally active, which makes them better at avoiding traffic accidents. Goats can be used to control bush encroachment. Goat farming in cities improves land use efficiency and food security. Being friendly animals, goats can be utilized to play with kids, and they can be a basic piece of metropolitan ecotourism. However, goats can harm urban green spaces; therefore, to avoid issues of this kind, goat production must be zoned. Conclusions Urban goat farming could add a new dimension to urban food security. Extensive pieces of empirical evidence need to be generated to enhance the adoption of urban goat farming. [Review] Goat Production, Supply Chains, Challenges, and Opportunities for Development in Vietnam: A Review Simple Summary: Over the last decade, the total goat population in Vietnam increased more than two-fold, from 1.29 million to 2.65 million heads. In spite of a transformation from extensive grazing to cut-and-carry intensive systems, more than three-fourths of goats in Vietnam are raised by small-scale producers. The demands for goat meat and milk are significantly increasing, leading to pressure for imports. Goat marketing primarily takes place through informal channels and is dominated by smallscale producers and traders. The formal goat market is poorly developed. The marketing research and statistical data on the goat value chain are scarce. This situation has led to an inconsistency in livestock supply and quality and, as a result, unstable pricing. Information and documentation regarding both horizontal and vertical linkages in the supply chain remain limited. Despite receiving strong support from the government and experiencing high demand, goat production and marketing systems have yet to achieve their full potential. This review overviews the current status of goat production and supply chains in Vietnam. It also identifies the main challenges and opportunities of, and provides suggestions through which improve, the nation’s goat production and marketing.
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Ahmad Bitaraf1, Nader Papi2, Farhad Mirzaei2 1. Animal Science Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran. 2. Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Karaj.  Fig.1. Male (left) and female (right) of Nadoshan goat History of goat breeding in the province In the past, Nadoshan town situated next to silk way was the place for passage of caravans, but now due to far distance from the main shuttle roads, past prosperity has been abated. This town is still one of the main centers of dairy production and also has many monuments. The husbandry industry in Nadoshan which is accounted as the most important and popular occupation in Yazd province belong to antique time. The time when a person known as Nadoshan came to today’s city to find water and suitable land. Nadoshan took out water from the ground by digging under –ground canals and started cultivation. Beside agriculture he also bought some livestock and brought them to Nadoshan. Thus, husbandry in Nadoshan region with the least detrimental to nature had been continued for several centuries, as always ranching and pastures conservation was always being complementary to each other. But today unfortunately with the existence and development of marines in this area, we are witness of pastures detrimental and demoralize of Nadoshan red breed, a kind of destruction which happening very fast, but their messages and effects are remaining in the area for a long time. Geographic distribution areas Nadoshan goat is native of Nadoshan place, but also distributed in other regions of province as in oghda district. Nadoshan is widespread at 90 km distance of province center and at geographical range of 46ﻣ, 31ﻣ to 15ﻣ, 32ﻣ latitude and 24ﻣ, 52ﻣ to 53ﻣ altitude. Average raining annually is 140mm. Goats for feeding are dependent on pasture and in winter, hand feeding for 15 to 30 days is performed. Population According to the statistics offered by Jihad-e Agriculture, the population of this race accounted for 70000 and the size of herd is changing from 150 to 500 heads. The methods of rearing Production and maintaining of Nadoshan goat herd is done by pasturing method and considering to the custom of special rearing, accurate partitioning of pasture sites in that region, seasonal birthing in herds and group migration at short time, goat keepers in their herding calendar during mating season use suitable selected bucks. To prevent autumn parturition in monsoon years, herd owners put bucks in separate herds and grazing with proper feed and regards hygienic principles, which terminological call them male pasturing. Then at the time of mating season leave the bucks for mating with does at suitable proportion. For this purpose, the bucks herd is not kept at special place and every year considering the pasture situation at regions that the aggregation of hers is low, they are grazing and access of farmers to them is almost the same. Supplementary feeding in this herd include barley and concentrate as flashing diet and during arid season for recovery of fiber in diet, straw also added to the supplement feed. Job creation According to the statistics offered by Jihad-e-Agriculture, Nadoshan area with about 400000 hectare of pasture land is the most important pastures of Yazd province. Approximately 200 households directly and 100 households indirectly engaged in livestock breeding and in this way, earning living costs. Besides, in Nadoshan due to different governmental services, migration of rural people to the cities has been stopped and this influenced on farmers to stay and rear Nadoshan goat. Appearance features Nadoshan goat is of rare and native breed of Iran which is small in size and produce milk and fuzz. The color of this breed is brown to dark red and majority of them are russet in color, but has white spots on head, hand, leg and ear. Some of goats are hornless but bucks have horn. This breed distributed in all cities of the province the most important breeding index of this animal is its high resistance against hard climate condition, especially highly tolerance to thirst and hunger during drought and long walking in pasture particularly at low rainy years. Table 1. Body dimensions of Nadoshan goat (cm)  Table 2. Annual production of Nadoshan goat (Kg)  Table 3. Reproductive characteristics of Nadoshan goat  Table 4. Economic traits of Nadoshan goat  Export As sustenance and existence of Nadoshan goat is on the base of economics of animal husbandry, the first step should be universal registration of this breed. The brand of Nadoshan goat products which are known for country must be tried to be global. According to the conservation and maintaining the native knowledge of Nadoshan region which is remained from the past races and with longtime of 8 thousand years, must use properly this heritance with desirable programming for improving Nadoshan animal husbandry. In this case proper situation for exporting different products with brand of Nadushanian goat like cheese which has tasty flavor would be assembled. This animal due to suitable meat production, excess consumption within the country, sold with substantial price in abroad markets such as Persian Gulf states. Items use of products The produced milk is supplied as raw or different processed products specially yoghourt and cheese (famous Nadoshan cheese) to native market or even outside of province. Cheese of Nadoshan goat is very desirable, with flavour and special taste which is exported to the next provinces. However, the goats of this breed provide considerable fuzz with high quality for utilization in handmade items. The Nadoshan manure is used as the best fertilizer for pistachio trees. Measures for identifying and genetic improvement In 1986 the operation of improving sheep and goat plan started in whole country, and in Yazd province in 1989 the plan started with 10 herds containing 5 goat herds and 5 sheep herds with the following purposes: 1. Conduction of animal breeding program in the herd. 2. Creation of industrial units of sheep and goat in vast area assigned to applicants. 3. Supply of produced bucks with high reproduction score in order to increase production of animals Suggesting guidelines to improve performance 1. Observe the proportion of animal population and capacity of pasture, with severe supervision of natural resources office to control this case and conflict with trespasser people. 2. Support of directors from farmers during drought for presenting subsidized forage and buying extra livestock with suitable price.  Fig.2. Flock of Nadoshan goat
 In a groundbreaking development for the Indian livestock industry, Yuvaan Agro Farm, India's first high-tech goat farm, has been inaugurated in Agra. The farm was inaugurated by Prof. SP Singh Baghel, Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha Agra) Union Minister of state – Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and dairying; and Minister of State in the Ministry of Panchyati Raj. Under the esteemed advisory of Prof. S.P. Singh Baghel, this initiative aims to revolutionize the livestock sector by promoting scientific goat-rearing techniques, improving breed quality, and supporting rural entrepreneurship. Inaugurating the Yuvaan Goat Farm in Agra, which houses 5,000 goats, Union Minister Dr. S.P. Singh Baghel stated that this farm has been established without any government assistance. He highlighted the positive aspect that purebred goats are being raised here, emphasizing that in animal husbandry, the real game is all about breed quality.He further mentioned that Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of doubling farmers' income is achievable through a combination of farming and animal husbandry. However, he stressed that this goal can only be realized through advanced farming techniques and high-quality livestock rearing. Film actor Raza Murad also visited Yuvaan Farm. Film actor Raza Murad had come to Agra for the inauguration of the farm. During this time, he spent about three hours exploring Yuvaan Goat Farm. He was seen playing among the goats in their shed. He gathered information about the breeds of goats present on the farm and asked detailed questions about their diet and feeding methods. "Yuvaan will operate in three ways on a foreign model." DK Singh, Director of Yuvaan Agro Farm, said that more than 70 people are employed in Yuvaan Agro Farm. Right now we are connected with more than 200 farmers. Our aim is to connect more than 10,000 people through the Training program, Consultancy and Medical Facility and provide employment in the next 2 years. Goat rearing is a very profitable occupation; with this farmers can earn huge profits in a very short time. Yuvaan Agro Farm is home to high-breed goats, ensuring top-quality milk and meat production. The farm is equipped with elevated shed accommodation of 200,000 square feet along with play area of another 100,000 square feet. The farm has 5 thousand goats and the target is to reach 25 thousand animals in the next 5 years. Spanning vast acres, Yuvaan Goat Farm aims to revolutionize the goat farming sector with advanced breeding techniques, scientific research, and sustainable livestock management practices. The institute will serve as a center of excellence for modern goat farming, offering training, research opportunities, and support to farmers across the country. The facility boasts a dedicated Goat Hospital, equipped with modern veterinary care, underscoring the farm’s focus on animal welfare and health. There are 70 resident employees in the farm and another 30 local helpers come to work during the daytime, the entire operation and processes are monitored 24 hrs with CCTV cameras. A full-fledged hospital and an in house medical team take care of any kind of health issues. 5 luxurious guest rooms are also present in the farm for night stay of any visitor or buyer. In the coming year, the farm is projected to produce 360,000 liters of goat milk. In the coming year, the farm is projected to produce 36,000 liters of goat milk, catering to the growing demand for healthy and nutritious dairy alternatives. Cheese will be produced from goat milk at the farm and supplied to domestic and international markets. Also, the livelihood of farmers will be improved by giving the babies born from breeding to them. The children born from breeding together will improve their lives by looking at the farmers and will be bought from the farmers after making preparations and will be sold in the market as per their demand. Yuvaan Agro Farm is one of India's leading institutions recognized by the International Goat Association (IGA). Committed to advancing scientific and sustainable goat farming practices, we aim to integrate global research and modern techniques to enhance productivity, animal health, and overall farm efficiency. By partnering with experts in the field, Yuvaan Agro Farm aspires to set new benchmarks in the industry and contribute to the growth of India's livestock sector.
 Dairy Sheep & Goat Conference – One Health
Science and innovation in Dairy Sheep and Goat Production. Join the 2025 Conference this January. Experts from around the world to gather in January for industry insights, networking and advancements in sustainable production. The Dairy Sheep and Goat Conference 2025 will take place January 27-28th at the DoubleTree by Hilton, Congresbury near Bristol. Organised by the Dairy Sheep and Goat Consultancy Team at Friars Moor Livestock Health Veterinary Practice, the conference will bring together leading experts, livestock vets, dairy farmers, and industry professionals to discuss both challenges and innovative, scientific solutions in sustainable small ruminant dairy production. The 2025 event will feature presentations on sustainable farming practices and new insights into improving animal health and productivity. Keynote speakers include Dr Nadav Galon, former Chief Veterinary Officer, Director of Veterinary Services, Israel and independent consultant to World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), who will speak on Trans-Boundary Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance. Attendees can tour “Bagborough Farm” where “White Lake Cheese” is produced to discuss Johnes disease control and participate in a workshop focusing on post-mortems with Ben Strugnell, Farm Post Mortems Ltd. Dr Paul Doran from Friars Moor Livestock Health shares his experiences of improving neonatal survivability on farm and Innovis Ltd share details about the Breeding for Ch4nge project, breeding sheep with a lower carbon footprint. The conference will provide invaluable networking and educational opportunities. Registration is now open! Visit https://dairysheepandgoatconference.co.uk to secure your place. Limited spots available, so book early! For all inquiries, please contact Jo or Yoav at [email protected] Tel: 01258 472314 The Friars Moor Livestock Health Dairy Sheep & Goat Consultancy is a professional, dedicated team based in Dorset, UK. A leading body in sustainable dairy production, committed to advancing best practices in sheep and goat farming through innovation and education. Dairy Sheep & Goat Consultancy In this volume, the latest information on sheep farming concerning the effects of climate change is summarized in eight chapters. Climate change basically determines changes in the environment, which affect the keeping, feeding, animal health, and breeding conditions of sheep. These changes affect the sustainability of sheep farming, the sheep’s resilience, and based on this, the livelihood opportunities of the people who keep the sheep. In different regions, the factors that enable or limit the effectiveness of sheep farming can change to a different degree and form. Changes in circumstances make it increasingly important to utilize the elements of precision farming in sheep farming because knowledge of current registration, production, and location data is essential even in extensive conditions.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/12684 EN – Non-profit orginisation Breeds of Origin Conservancy officially launches the campaign ‘Inħarsu l-Wirt Nazzjonali’ in an effort to recognize and safeguard National Heritage. The non-profit organisation Breeds of Origin Conservancy has officially launched the campaign ‘Inħarsu l-Wirt Nazzjonali’ (Safeguarding National Heritage), with the aim to conserve and recognise endemic species and subspecies, indigenous livestock, and local agricultural cultivars and varieties as National Heritage. The initial phase of the campaign aims to raise awareness about the indigenous goat of the Maltese islands, in the wake of a request made by the same organisation, together with the Maltese Goat and Sheep Cooperative (KMMN), to the Competent Authorities to classify the indigenous goat of the Maltese islands as a "Traditional Population" in a critical state, with an estimated population of fewer than 1,000 head, and to recognize the breed as a "Local" and an endangered one. "To further recognise the national heritage that our country possesses, we felt the need to launch this campaign through folk music. It is a great honor for us because, in addition to raising awareness about the importance of safeguarding indigenous livestock, through this traditional narrative ballad, as the Maltese saying goes, we hit two birds with one stone, since at the same time, we are keeping this cultural heritage alive to ensure that these traditions continue to be enjoyed by future generations," said Darryl Grech, Founder of Breeds of Origin Conservancy. For the first time in our country, a show specifically dedicated to indigenous Maltese goats and sheep, will be held, on Sunday 29th September in Żejtun. This exhibition will serve as an educational platform to showcase this national heritage, unique to the Maltese islands. Noel Buttigieg, Chairperson of the organisation's Board, emphasized that "research in this field is the key to achieve better knowledge of our country's tangible and intangible heritage. The protection of National Heritage continues to strengthen the sustainability of the Maltese product on many levels, including the continued celebration of Maltese identity with those who visit our country throughout the year." The voluntary organisation is in dialogue with the Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Animal Rights to design and implement measures for the necessary protection of the Maltese indigenous goat, a symbol of our island’s history and cultural identity. Last week, an agreement was also reached with the same Ministry, similar to the agreement signed in April of this year with the Ministry for Gozo and Planning, to strengthen cooperation for the collaboration and implementation of research and conservation projects for local species, subspecies, breeds and varieties. Feature: Name of the TRADITIONAL NARRATIVE BALLAD: Fejn Għeb ir-Redus? (reference to the drastic decline of the once flourishing local goat population) Folk Singer Żeppi Spagnol, known as “il-Kelba” and his son Kevin Spagnol the accompanying guitarist. Photos: Photo 1 - Grech, D. (2017) – A typical herd of indigenous Maltese goats exhibiting variations in coat colour. Photo 2 – Grech, D. (2018) – Week old twin kids. Photo 3 – Grech, D. (2023) – A Maltese goat with black markings on Tulliera Farm in Delimara. MT – Titneda l-kampanja ‘Inħarsu l-Wirt Nazzjonali’ mill-għaqda volontarja Breeds of Origin Conservancy. L-għaqda volontarja Breeds of Origin Conservancy uffiċċjalment nediet il-kampanja ‘Inħarsu l-Wirt Nazzjonali’, li l-objettiv tagħha hu li l-ispeċi u s-sottospeċi endemiċi, l-bhejjem indiġeni u l-varjetajiet agrikoli tal-lokal jitħarsu u jitqiesu bħala Wirt Nazzjonali. L-ewwel parti tal-kampanja qed timmira li żżid l-għarfien dwar il-mogħża ndiġena Maltija. Dan wara t-talba li tressqet mill-istess għaqda volontarja, flimkien mal-Koperattiva Maltija tal-Mogħoż u n-Nagħaġ, lill-Awtoritajiet Kompetenti sabiex il-mogħża ndiġena tal-Gżejjer Maltin tiġi klassifikata bħala ‘Popolazzjoni Tradizzjonali’ li tinsab f’qagħda kritika, stmata taħt l-1,000 ras, u r-razza rikonoxxuta bħala waħda ‘Lokali’ u mhedda. “Sabiex nkompli nirrikonoxxu l-wirt nazzjonali li għandu pajjiżna, ħassejna l-ħtieġa li ntelqu din il-kampanja permezz tal-għana folkloristika. Hu unur kbir għalina għaliex barra li qed nippruvaw nżidu l-għarfien dwar l-importanza li jiġu mħarsa l-bhejjem indiġeni, b’dan il-fatt, kif jgħid il-Malti, ilqatna żewġ għasafar b’ġebla waħda għaliex fl-istess waqt qed nżommu dan il-wirt kulturali ħaj sabiex nassiguraw li dawn it-tradizzjonijiet jibqgħu jitgawdew għall-ġenerazzjonijiet futuri” tenna Darryl Grech, Fundatur ta’ Breeds of Origin Conservancy. Għall-ewwel darba f’pajjiżna ser titella wkoll wirja, il-Ħadd 29 ta’ Settembru ż-Żejtun, ddedikata speċifikament għall-mogħoż u nagħaġ indiġeni Maltin, sabiex isservi ta’ pjattaforma edukattiva biex jiġi espost dan il-wirt nazzjonali, uniku għall-pajjiżna. Noel Buttiġieġ, Chairperson tal-Bord tal-għaqda volontarja sostna li “r-riċerka f’dan il-qasam hija l-perm li twassal għal għarfien aħjar fuq il-wirt tanġibli u ntanġibli ta’ pajjiżna. Il-ħarsien tal-Wirt Nazzjonali jkompli jsaħħaħ is-sostenibbiltà tal-prodott Malti fuq bosta livelli, fosthom li nkomplu niċċelebraw l-identità Maltija ma’ dawk li jżuru pajjizna tul is-sena kollha.” L-għaqda volontarja tinsab fi djalogu mal-Ministeru għall-Agrikoltura, s-Sajd u d-Drittijiet tal-Annimali għat-tfassil u t-teħid ta’ miżuri sabiex il-mogħża ndiġena Maltija, simbolu tal-istorja u l-identità ta’ pajjiżna, tingħata l-protezzjoni meħtieġa. Il-ġimgħa li għaddiet ntlaħaq ukoll ftehim mal-istess Ministeru, simili tal-ftehim li kien intaħaq f’April ta’ din is-sena mal-Ministeru għal Għawdex u l-Ippjanar sabiex tisaħħaħ il-koperazzjoni għall-kollaborazzjoni u l-implimentazzjoni ta’ proġetti ta’ riċerka u l-konservazzjoni tal-ispeċi u razez tal-lokal. Feature: Isem tal-FATT: Fejn Għeb ir-Redus? Għannej Żeppi Spagnol, “il-Kelba” u ibnu l-kitarrist Kevin Spagnol. Ritratti Ritratt 1 - Grech, D. (2017) – Merħla tipika ta’ mogħoż indiġeni Maltin b’bosta lwien. Ritratt 2 - Grech, D. (2018) – Gidien tewmin ta’ ġimgħa. Ritratt 3 - Grech, D. (2023) – Mogħża Maltija belqa bl-iswed fuq ir-razzett tat-Tulliera, f’Delimara.    Call Judges for Imnarja 2024 - Goats and Sheep
(See below for contact information) As the official organizers of Malta’s annual traditional agricultural show called Imnarja, we are looking for anyone qualified and interested in professionally judging sheep and goats during this year’s event. The show will be held on the following dates: Tuesday 25th June 2024 – Dog Competition Wednesday 26th June 2024 – Equine Competition Thursday 27th June 2024 – Goats and Sheep Competition Friday 28th June 2024 – Poultry / Rabbit / Cattle Competition Saturday 29th June 2024 – Goats and Sheep Milking Competition / Grand Champions / Dairy Beef Competition Therefore, if anyone is interested in judging small ruminants, we need them here at least on the 26th to be able to judge on the 27th and 29th. Most of the sheep exhibited will be Maltese (a dairy breed similar to the Comisana breed), East Friesian, and Crossed (Maltese cross with East Friesian mostly – these animals are still being judged since way back, crossed animals were allowed in shows and since it’s a traditional event we kept this sort of custom alive – these animals are usually judged according to their body score and as a milch animal). In relation to other breeds, we only have a few Texel and Suffolk of a good standard; maybe a couple of Romanovs that I know of. I have been judging goats and sheep for the past 10 years now, so if you come over, I will be there to assist you during the show. We will definitely be needing at least two (2) judges for Tuesday, 27th June 2024, from 17:00 onwards. Additionally, goat and sheep judges need to select the grand champions from among the finalists chosen on Tuesday, 27th June, and Thursday, 29th June. In Malta, all goat breeds are milk breeds. These include indigenous Maltese goats, Saanen goats, Alpine goats, and recently imported Capra Maltese and Jonica goats. During the show, we usually also have a number of dwarf (pygmy) goats showcased. Flights and accommodation will be paid from our end accordingly. Accommodation offered will be at Corinthia Hotel in Attard on a half-board basis. Pick-up from the airport, return, and transport to and from the show will be organized by us. We would require inbound and outbound dates you require and a soft copy of your passport. Here are some videos from last year's competitions. Imnarja 2023 - Day 3 (youtube.com) Imnarja 2023 - 28th & 29th June 2023 (youtube.com) Looking forward to hearing from you soon. Darryl Grech [email protected] International Goat Association Country Representative for Malta Chief Agricultural Officer Operations Directorate Strategy and Support Division 10 March 2024Small Ruminant Research's 2023 Editor's Choice Articles
Welcome to our Editor's Choice section, where we highlight exceptional articles that embody excellence, innovation, and inspiration. Each piece featured here has been meticulously selected by our editorial team for its quality, relevance, and contribution to the discourse in Small Ruminant Research. These articles can be downloaded for free throughout this year. Bioactive compounds in yogurt obtained from Alpine goats fed with seagrass debris Yasser Hachana, Amal Jabbari, Wafa Yousfi, Riccardo Fortina Volume 225, August 2023, 107015 Anti-mullerian hormone as a predictive endocrine marker for selection of White Dorper ewe lambs at prepubertal age Ana Carolina Carvalho Neves , Odilei Rogerio Prado, Wanessa Blaschi, Thales Ricardo Rigo Barreiros, Leonardo Deiss, Belén Lahoz, José Folch, José Luis Alabart, Rosana Nogueira de Morais, Lisandra de Camargo Campos, Alda Lucia Gomes Monteiro Volume 221, April 2023, 106932 Potential of nutritional strategies to reduce enteric methane emission in feedlot sheep: A meta-analysis and multivariate analysis Rodrigo de Nazaré Santos Torres, Larissa de Melo Coelho, Caren Paludo Ghedini, Otavio Rodrigues Machado Neto, Luis Artur Loyola Chardulo, Juliana Akamine Torrecilhas, Roberta de Lima Valença, Welder Angelo Baldassini, Marco Tulio Costa Almeida Volume 220, March 2023, 106919 Maternal undernutrition induced by a lower natural pasture allowance affects muscle characteristics in newborn lambs J. Ithurralde, R. Pérez-Clariget, M.J. Abud, A. Álvarez-Oxiley, A. Casal, A.L. Astessiano, A. Bielli Volume 229, December 2023, 107124 Post-weaning fecal egg count estimated breeding value is associated with greater antibody production after clostridial vaccination in Katahdin lambs Kelsey L. Bentley, Andrew R. Weaver, Donald L. Wright, Scott P. Greiner, Scott A. Bowdridge Volume 229, December 2023, 107128 |
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