Category: Disease

Global Goat! Is the Expanding Goat Population an Important Reservoir of Cryptosporidium?

4/7/2022

Kjersti Selstad Utaaker, Suman Chaudhary, Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes, and Lucy Jane Robertson

Goats are a primary or additional income source for many families in resource-poor areas. Although often considered inferior to other livestock, the resilience of goats and their ability to thrive in a range of environments means that that they are of particular value. Furthermore, goats emit less methane than other livestock species. In these same areas, it is well-documented that cryptosporidiosis has a substantial impact on infant morbidity and mortality, as well as reducing child growth and development. As Cryptosporidium also causes diarrheal disease in goats, the question arises whether goats may represent a reservoir of infection to humans. Epidemiological studies regarding the potential for transmission of Cryptosporidium between goats and humans have largely concluded that Cryptosporidium species infecting goats are not zoonotic. However, these studies are mostly from developed countries, where goat husbandry is smaller, management routines differ greatly from those of developing countries, contact between goats and their owners is more limited, and cryptosporidiosis has less impact on human health. In this article, background information on goat husbandry in different countries is provided, along with information on Cryptosporidium prevalence among goats, at both the species and sub-species levels, and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The intention is to indicate data gaps that should be filled and to increase awareness of the role of goats as providers for low-income families, often living in areas where cryptosporidiosis is endemic and where appropriate baseline interventions could have a positive impact, regardless of species of goat or parasite.

Introduction
Goats are one of the species of livestock that were domesticated earliest, and are used worldwide for milk, meat, and hair/skin. Nowadays, goats are among the most popular and beneficial livestock for those with limited resources (1). Small-scale goat production is of considerable benefit to families and communities globally, in a variety of climates and conditions.

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PPR Watch – November 10th, 2020

11/19/2020

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Epidemiology and disease control by region

Challenges and Opportunities for Global Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), J Trop Dis Pub Health, 2020
The potential of diagnostic point‐of‐care tests (POCTs) for infectious and zoonotic animal diseases in developing countries: technical, regulatory and sociocultural considerations, Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 2020
Managing complex emergencies, OIE Rev Sci Tech. 2020 Aug;39(2):435-443.

Upcoming Events

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PPR Watch – October 8th, 2020

11/13/2020

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Epidemiology and disease control by region

3rd PPR Global Research and Expertise Network (PPR GREN) Meeting, Qingdao, China, 26/10/2020 to 28/10/2020

Next event : 8th Peste des Petits Ruminants Regional Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGAD) virtual meeting, 21/10/2020
See also : Summary of 7th meeting (2019), Validation of Study and Training Manual for Animal Production, TADs and Commodity Value Chain, IGAD, 8/9/20

Lancement d'une enquête épidémiologique à Souk Ahras, Liberté Algérie, 19/09/20 (in French)
Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diffusion of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Cameroon, Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2020
Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Traditional Goats Reared in Northern Côte D'ivoire, International research Journal of Virology, 2020
Development of a systematic mapping review protocol for the most recent evidence on ruminant infectious disease frequency and disease-associated mortality: Ethiopia as a case study, Animal Health Research Reviews, 2020
Update on Peste des petits ruminants status in South East Nigeria: serological and farmers' awareness investigation, and potential risk factors, Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020 (abstract only)

Asia

Epidemiology of livestock and poultry diseases in Jhenaidah district of Bangladesh, Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 2020
Sequential haematological and serum biochemical changes in Black Bengal goats infected with a local isolate of peste des petits ruminants virus from Bangladesh, Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2020
Surveillance of livestock diseases with geographical information system (GIS), Salem, South India, Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci, 2020
Serological investigations of Peste des Petits Ruminants in cattle of Nepal, Vet Med Sci. 2020
Sero-prevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminant (PPR) Virus in Sheep and Goat Population of Gilgit Baltistan Province of Pakistan, Punjab University Journal of Zoology, 2020
PPRV: Sign and Symptoms, Prevalence and Possible Treatment with Different Plants (Pakistan), International Journal of Research Studies in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2020

Middle East

Clinical, pathological and antigenic diagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in small ruminants in Fars province, Iranian Journal of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 2020 (abstract only)

Immunology & Diagnostics

Preparation of an inactivated Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) vaccine and its comparative immunogenicity evaluation in animal model, Archives of Razi Institute, 2020
Development of a process for upscaling and production of thermotolerant Peste-des-petits ruminants vaccine, VirusDisease, 2020 (abstract only)
Intranasal Peste des petits ruminants virus vaccination of goats using Irvingia gabonensis gum as delivery system: hematological and humoral immune responses, Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 2020 (abstract only)
Assay to compare cell-and antibody-mediated immune responses in domestic sheep and goats, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2020
Development of a multiplex assay for antibody detection in serum against pathogens affecting ruminants, Transboundary & Emerging Diseases, 2020

Past Issues

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PPR Watch – September 1st, 2020

11/9/2020

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Epidemiology and disease control by region

3rd PPR Global Research and Expertise Network (PPR GREN) Meeting, Qingdao, China, 26/10/2020 to 28/10/2020
A tribute to the work of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division for the Control and Eradication of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), FAO, 27/07/2020
Working together to eradicate Peste des Petits Ruminants, FAO Video on Youtube, 2020

Africa

El-Oued : Plus de 318.400 têtes vaccinées contre la peste des petits ruminants (Algeria), El Moudjahid, 10/08/2020
Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt, Veterinary World, 2020
Seroepidemiology of Peste des Petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the selected district of Horu Guduru Zone, Western Ethiopia, Research in Veterinary Science, 2020 (abstract only)
Magnitude and trends of ruminants, Pigs and poultry diseases in Taraba State, Nigeria, 2013-2017: implications for public health, PAMJ-One Health, 2020
Peste des petits ruminants Virus Transmission Scaling and Husbandry Practices That Contribute to Increased Transmission Risk: An Investigation among Sheep, Goats, and Cattle in Northern Tanzania, Viruses, 2020. See also : Husbandry practices alter small ruminant virus transmission risk, Feedstuffs, 24/08/2020

Americas

Epidemiological Details of the Samples and Their Test Results Screened for Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus Antigen (Peru), Revista Cientifica-Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 2020

Asia

Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India, Veterinary World, 2020
Impact of prophylactic vaccination on the profitability of the sheep farming (India), The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2020
Genomic Analysis of Nucleocapsid and Fusion Genes of Small Ruminant Morbillivirus in Pakistan, Hosts and Viruses, 2020

Middle East

Seroprevalence Study of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Sheeps of Shabestar, Iran, Iran. Iran J Virol. 2020 (abstract only)
FAO Animal Health Vaccination Campaign Against PPR in Syria, FAO, 9/7/2020. See also Syrian Arab Republic | FAO supports the global animal health campaign to eradicate peste des petits ruminants, FAO video on YouTube

Virology & Diagnostics

Goat Genomic Resources: The Search for Genes Associated with Its Economic Traits, International Journal of Genomics, 2020

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PPR Watch – July 20, 2020 issue

7/20/2020

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Epidemiology and disease control by region

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Africa and Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the prevalence in sheep and goats between 1969 and 2018, Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2020

Infography : Supporting the eradication of Peste des petits ruminants: an example of OIE's response to global challenges, in OIE Annual Report 2019 – FR - ESP
Maintaining efforts to fight animal diseases in times of COVID-19, OIE, 2020
Call for experts to join the OIE’s Specialist Commissions, OIE, 2020
Overview of the activities of the OIE Specialist Commissions, OIE, 2020
New official disease status and control programmes recognised by the OIE, 2020
OIE Video : Peste des petits ruminants: an illustration of OIE’s contribution to address global challenges - FR - ESP

Africa

PPR and PPP: To upscale vaccination in Kenya, Interview of Dr Dr Obadiah Nyaga Njagi, OIE Activity Report, p. 35 – FR - ESP
OIE Success Story PVS Evaluation Follow-up mission with a PPR Specific Content in Nigeria, Interview of Dr Olaniran Alabi, OIE Activity Report, p. 31 – FR - ESP
Peste des petits ruminants in Africa: a review of currently available molecular epidemiological data, 2020, Archives of Virology, 2020
Tindouf/cheptel : quelque 94 500 têtes vaccinées contre la peste des petits ruminants, Algérie Presse Service, 15/06/2020
Lancement de la campagne de vaccination d'animaux en Côte d’Ivoire, Commod Africa, 19/06/2020
Survey on small ruminant production against peste des petits ruminant in moyamba and kailahun districts, Sierra Leone, International Journal of Research, 2020
FAO launches Peste des Petits Ruminants eradication campaign in South Sudan, FAO, 23/06/2020
A Comparative study of the Sero-prevalence of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus among Districts of Different Agro-Ecological Zones in Tanzania, East African Journal of Science, Technology & Innovation, 2020
Detection of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia and Concurrent Diseases in Outbreaks Presenting with Respiratory Signs in Small Ruminants in Tanzania, International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 2020
Perceptions and practices among Zambian sheep and goat traders concerning small ruminant health and disease, PloS one, 2020

Asia

Peste des petits ruminants, OIE RR Asia, 25/06/2020
Livestock disease forewarning report-September 2020 (powered by Artificial Intelligence), India ICAR-NIVEDI, 2020
Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development, Vaccines, 2020

Europe

Middle East

Detection and phylogenetic study of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Iran, 2019: Update data, Archives of Razi Institute, 2020
FAO supports the global animal health campaign to eradicate peste des petits ruminants in the Syrian Arab Republic, FAO, 09/07/2020

Immunology & Vaccines, Virology & Diagnostics

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Guidelines for the use of antibiotics in production animals

2/20/2019

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Cattle, pigs, sheep and goats

Introduction
In 1998 the Swedish Veterinary Association decided to adopt a general policy for the use of antibiotics in animals. Since then specific policies for the use of antibiotics in dogs and cats have been adopted and in 2011 Guidelines for the use of Antibiotics in Production animals – Cattle and Pigs, were accepted. By decision of the board of the Swedish Veterinary Society (SVS) these guidelines have been updated.

The over-arching goal of SVS is to achieve a low and controlled use of antibiotics in Swedish animal production so that the first-hand choices of treatment remain efficient and that the spread of antimicrobial resistance – among animals and herds as well as in the food chain – is kept at a minimum. Keeping antimicrobial resistance in animals low is important also for human health, since we are all part of the same ecosystem. The authors of these guidelines hope that they may be useful for veterinarians in clinical practice when deciding on treatments for common diseases and ailments caused by bacteria. Sometimes the decision may even be to refrain from use of antibiotics and chose other ways of improving herd health.

To read more of the introduction, download a copy here.

Diseases in goats
Ylva Persson, DVM, PhD

Introduction
In Sweden only one antimicrobial is registered for use in goats – benzyl penicillin procaine (BPP) (Penovet®, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, FASS VET. Sweden 2015). All other drugs for therapy need to conform to the EU cascade principle. Since goats might react with strong pain to injections with tetracycline other antimicrobials should be preferred if BPP cannot be expected to be effective.

Mastitis
Mastitis is the most important production disease in goat milk herds. Good udder health is important for animal welfare as well as from food safety aspects. The most frequently isolated udder pathogens in dairy goats in Sweden are Staphylo coccus (S.) aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). Subclinical mastitis is seen more often than clinical.

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Participatory epidemiology and gender analysis to address small ruminant disease constraints in Livestock and Fish and Africa RISING project sites in Ethiopia

9/30/2016

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Summary
Animal diseases continue to constrain livestock productivity, agricultural development, human wellbeing and poverty alleviation in many regions of the developing world. In Ethiopia this is not only true for Livestock and Fish and Africa RISING project sites, but has been mentioned in sites of different project or programs where ILRI has been involved.

This participatory epidemiology and gender survey was conducted to better understand what these main livestock disease constraints are, how they affect different household, and how much men and women farmers know about their transmission. The findings of the study will also assist in defining future research related to small ruminant diseases, their economic impacts and gender issues related with animal diseases. Moreover, it also established gendered baseline data to monitor impact of future animal health interventions in small ruminants.

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Serological surveillance of caprine brucellosis in western Kenya

9/16/2014

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Presentation outline: People, Animals and their Zoonoses project Brief overview of brucellosis in Kenya Serological survey of caprine brucellosis in western Kenya

Serological surveillance of caprine brucellosis in western Kenya from ILRI

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Global Goat! Is the Expanding Goat Population an Important Reservoir of Cryptosporidium?

PPR Watch – November 10th, 2020

PPR Watch – October 8th, 2020

PPR Watch – September 1st, 2020

PPR Watch – July 20, 2020 issue

Guidelines for the use of antibiotics in production animals

Participatory epidemiology and gender analysis to address small ruminant disease constraints in Livestock and Fish and Africa RISING project sites in Ethiopia

Serological surveillance of caprine brucellosis in western Kenya

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