|
from Maryland Extension Small Ruminant Program
Last spring, it was reported that ivermectin had efficacy (in a laboratory setting) against the coronavirus that causes Covid 19. Ivermectin is an anti-parasitic drug for animals. Ivomec® drench is FDA-approved for use in sheep. Ivermectin also has approved uses for humans. After the announcement, some people started using ivermectin to self-medicate. In some countries, a “black market” emerged for ivermectin. In the US, ivermectin started disappearing from the shelves of farm stores. Many health officials oppose the use of ivermectin to treat Covid. Others advocate for its use and have used it to treat Covid patients. The appeal of ivermectin is that it is widely available and cheap. It is also usually well tolerated.
0 Comments
 Dear colleagues,
We would like to inform you that the 10th International Sheep Veterinary Congress (ISVC) that was scheduled to be held in 2022 from September 19th to 23rd, in Seville, together with the 5th Congress of the ECSRHM, will be delayed six months, to March 6 to 10, 2023. As it is known, the ISVC is being organized by the Spanish Society for Sheep and Goat Production (SEOC). The organizing committee has been working hard for several years in order to perform a successful conference at the organizational, content (scientific, cultural and recreational aspects) and attendance (delegates and speakers) levels. The reason that has led us to make this decision has been the postponement of the 31st World Buiatrics Congress (WBC) 2021-MADRID, to September 4-8, 2022. The situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has forced the organizers (the Spanish Society ANEMBE) to postpone the conference to September 2022. As we said before, we would like to have a successful ISVC congress, and as you know, although the WBC is a congress eminently dedicated to cattle, it also has a section dedicated to small ruminants. The WBC is an event with which we share delegates, speakers and members of the Scientific Committee, so it is likely that by holding both events at such close dates, many potential participants, would be forced to choose between the two congresses, negatively affecting both the number of attendees (delegates) and the quality (speakers). We also share sponsor companies and institutions, so holding both congresses in the same year and in the same country, would negatively affect their financial support to our congress. For these reasons, after taking into account the opinions of the members of the Organizing and Scientific Committees of the ISVC-Seville, and obtaining the ISVA and ECSRHM approvals, we considered postponing it to March 2023 to be the best option. If this postponement could cause inconvenience to any delegate, we sincerely apologize on behalf of all the organizers. We also want to communicate, that we have decided, together with the ISVA, to organize a virtual meeting from 23rd to 25th November 2021 of which we will inform you soon. Looking forward to meeting all you in March 2023 in Seville!! Yours sincerely, Jesse Barandika & María J. Alcalde Presidents of the Organizing Committee ISVC 2023 website: https://isvc2022.com/ Authors John Sanders, Yue Xie, David Gazzola, Hanchen Li, Ambily Abraham, Kelly Flanagan, Florentina Rus, Melanie Millerd, Yan Hu, Sierra Guynn, Austin Draper, Sridhar Vakalapudi, Katherine H. Petersson, Dante Zarlenga, Robert W. Li, Joseph F. Urban Jr., Gary R. Ostroff, Anne Zajac, and Raffi V. Aroian Abstract Haemonchus contortus is a critical parasite of goats and sheep. Infection by this blood-feeding gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasite has significant health consequences, especially in lambs and kids. The parasite has developed resistance to virtually all known classes of small molecule anthelmintics used to treat it, giving rise in some areas to multidrug resistant parasites that are very difficult to control. Thus, new anthelmintics are urgently needed. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal protein 5B (Cry5B), a naturally occurring protein made by a bacterium widely and safely used around the world as a bioinsecticide, represents a new non-small molecule modality for treating GINs. Cry5B has demonstrated anthelmintic activities against parasites of monogastric animals, including some related to those that infect humans, but has not yet been studied in a ruminant. Here we show that H. contortus adults are susceptible to Cry5B protein in vitro. Cry5B produced in its natural form as a spore-crystal lysate against H. contortus infections in goats had no significant efficacy. However, a new Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) paraprobiotic form of Cry5B called IBaCC (Inactivated Bacterium with Cytosolic Crystals), in which Cry5B crystals are encapsulated in dead Bt cell wall ghosts, showed excellent efficacy in vitro against larval stages of H. contortus and relative protein stability in bovine rumen fluid. When given to sheep experimentally infected with H. contortus as three 60 mg/kg doses, Cry5B IBaCC resulted in significant reductions in fecal egg counts (90%) and parasite burdens (72%), with a very high impact on female parasites (96% reduction). These data indicate that Cry5B IBaCC is a potent new treatment tool for small ruminants in the battle against H. contortus.  WASHINGTON, December 9, 2020 — The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agriculture Research Service (ARS) today announced a groundbreaking treatment that prevents anemia, weight loss, poor wool and meat production, and even death in sheep.
ARS researchers partnered with Virginia Tech and the University of Massachusetts' Medical School to solve H. contortus parasite infection, which also happens to be the number one health problem in the U.S. sheep industry. The parasite infects the stomach of ruminant mammals, feeding and interfering with digestion, before ultimately affecting the animal's overall health and stability. "The H. contortus parasite has developed resistance to virtually all known classes of anti-parasitic drugs," said ARS Researcher Dr. Joseph Urban, who lead the research team in testing and implementation of a para-probiotic treatment to kill the parasite that causes H.contortus. The worm parasite mates within the animal and its fertilized eggs pass through the animal's waste into the soil. The larvae then develop to re-infect other unsuspecting animals, spreading the infection throughout a pasture and creating a cycle of infection that hinders animal growth, development and production. Authors: David Pugh N. (Nickie) Baird Misty Edmondson and Thomas Passler Description Get practical answers from the only guide on the care of sheep, goats, and cervids! Authoritative yet easy to read, Sheep, Goat and Cervid Medicine, 3rd Edition covers all the latest advances in the field, including diseases and medical treatment, surgery, pain management, theriogenology, and nutrition. Clear instructions and hundreds of full-color photographs guide you step by step through common procedures including restraint for examination, administration of drugs, blood collection, and grooming. New to this edition is coverage of deer and elk medicine, reflecting the growing interest in these ruminants. Written by an expert team led by Dr. D.G. Pugh, this comprehensive reference is ideal for veterinarians and also for owners of sheep and goats. Key Features
Table of Contents
Appendix II: Practical Fluid Therapy Appendix III: Normal Values and Conversions Written by Gabriel Vicovan. Special thanks to Radu Răducu, Enciu Ana, and Vicovan Adriana for their assistance. Historic The High Prolificacy Breed Palas was formed over nine stages, during almost three decades by intricate crosses between the Romanov, Friesian, Finnish Landrace, Border Leicester, Ile de France and Palas Merino breeds. The desired type was obtained in 1989, and its genome consists of 39% genes from Romanov, 28% genes from Merinos, 16% genes from Friesian, 9% genes from Border Leicester, 6% genes from Ile de France, and 2% genes from Landrace Finnish. This population of sheep was reproductively isolated (CIR + 1,0) since 1989, and is bred at ICDCOC Palas Constanța. Breeding area In Dobrogea, at Research Development Institute for Sheep and Goats Breeding Palas – Constanța, there are 1,000 heads of sheep and 2,000 in another farm in the area. External (morphological) characteristics The body format of the breed is mesomorphic to dolichomorphic, with a fine, strong skeleton and correct aplomb. The head is broad, medium in size, and has a straight profile in ewes and slightly convex in rams. The ears are medium in size, worn laterally, and both sexes are hornless. The neck is suitably long, worn horizontally, and is well attached to the trunk; the trunk is long, with medium width and depth dimensions. The color of the wool is white, the coat has no colored fibers, and the hair on the face and limbs are white; the wool is semi-fine, some specimens having fine wool. The udder has a globular shape, of medium to large size, the nipples being suitably long, worn vertically or slightly laterally.  Production characters
Reproductive characters Prolificacy primiparous, 136-140 % Multiparous, 150-160 % Using of the breed The new breed contributes to achieving a priority objective in the current economic context, namely, increasing meat production by producing three-stage meat hybrid lambs. The breed produces rams which, by mating with Merino-type sheep, determine the production of prolific F1 “halfbreed” hybrid ewes (in the first stage) and which, by mating with rams, from meat breeds, produce hybrids meat lambs (second stage).
Written by Gabriel Vicovan Special thanks to Radu Răducu, Enciu Ana, and Vicovan Adriana for their assistance. Historic The breed was formed at the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goats Breeding Palas – Constanța between 1975 and 1987. They were developed by crossing East Friesian (imported from Germany) and Awassi (imported from Israel) breeds with the Merino de Palas breed, followed by isolation reproductive and selection to increase milk production. The breed was homologated in 2010. Currently, the Milk Breed Palas has in the genome 65% genes from two of the best milk breeds in the world – East Friesian and Awassi, with 27% of genes from Palas Merino breed raised in Dobrogea, and 8% genes from other breeds of minor importance.  Breeding area In Dobrogea, at the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goats Breeding Palas – Constanța, there are 1,000 sheep, with 200 rams produced annually, to improve milk production in ewes farms located in the Dobrogea area. Conservation program The only genetic fund of the breed is found at the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goats Breeding Palas – Constanța. The population is structured in 12 ram families in the breeding season, proceeding the rotational mating between families.  External (morphological) characteristics
The conformation is specific to dairy sheep. A long head with a convex profile is more pronounced in males. They are hornless, the ears are large, covered with short, thick white hairs, and are carried laterally with a tail well attached to the trunk. The chest is long and deep with a small sternum prominent, while the trunk is elongated, has a trapezoidal shape, and the spine is rectilinear. The croup is relatively broad, long, and straight; the tail is thin and long, covered with white, thick short hairs. The udder is well attached, has a globular shape, is sparsely haired, with long nipples, suitably thick, directed sideways and downwards. The body dimensions
Production characteristics
Reproductive characters Fecundity 92-97%; Prolificacy 117-128% OVIespaña y CABRAespaña ¿Sigues esta revista online desde España? Échale un vistazo a todo el maravilloso artículo sobre ovejas y cabras, https://www.oviespana.com/. OVIespaña and CABRAespaña Are you following this online magazine from Spain? Check it out all there wonderful sheep and goat article, https://www.oviespana.com/.   Written by Gabriel Vicovan Special thanks to Radu Răducu, Enciu Ana, and Vicovan Adriana for their assistance. Historic The meat breed – Palas was created at the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goat Breeding Palas – Constanța, from 1973 to 1989, by crossing the breeds Ile de France and Palas Merino, followed by reproductive isolation and selection in the direction of meat production. Crossings with the Ile de France breed aimed to improve growth rate, increase feed conversion capacity, improve conformation, increase yield, and carcass quality indices. The breed has in the genome 93% genes from the Ile de France and Palas Merino breeds and less than 7% genes from other breeds. It was homologated as a breed in 2012. Breeding area In Dobrogea, at the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goat Breeding Palas – Constanța and other farms in Constanța County. The number of ewes is about 3,000 heads. Breeding program Palas are bred at the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goat Breeding Palas – Constanța, which deliver rams with high breeding value to improve the production of meat in sheep. Conservation program The only genetic fund of the breed, from the Research and Development Institute for Sheep and Goat Breeding Palas – Constanța, is structured in 12 ram families during the breeding season, proceeding the rotational mating between families. External (morphological) characteristics It is a precocious breed, brevimorphic to mesomorphic with aptitudes for meat production. The ears are large, worn horizontally, or slightly raised. The trunk is long and broad. The chest is wide and lowered; the back and loins are long and wide, well dressed in muscles; the rump is horizontal, wide, and long. The tail is caught up; the gigots are convex, descended, well dressed with muscle, and the abdomen is rounded. The limbs are short, distant, with correct aplomb, and the hocks are vertical. The wool coat is white and covers the body well, with the wool extending on the head to the level of the orbits and the limbs to the knees and hips. The body dimensions Adult animals are: height at the withers (cm) 69-71 in rams and 67-69 in ewes; croup height (cm) 69-71 in rams and 67-69 in ewes ; trunk length (cm) 73-75 in rams and 68-70 in ewes; croup length (cm) 26-28 in rams and 25-27 in ewes ; shoulder width 27-28 cm for rams and 24-26 cm for ewes; width for coxo-femoral joints (cm) 29-31 for rams and 26-28 for ewes; chest depth 33-35 cm for rams and 30-32 in ewes, chest width (cm) 31-33 in rams and 29-31 in ewes, chest circumference (cm) 97-99 in rams and 91-93 in ewes, whistle perimeter (cm) 9-10 in rams and 8-9 in ewes. Production characters
Wool production
Reproductive characters
Using of the breed The Palas breed produces high hybrid fat lambs. The Institute delivers about 300 yearling rams every year for sheep breeders.
The "Art of War" against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep and goat herds of the tropics7/31/2020 Juan Felipe Torres-Acosta (1*), Hervé Hoste (2), Carlos Alfredo Sandoval-Castro (1), Rafael Arturo Torres-Fajardo (1), Javier Ventura-Cordero (1), Pedro Geraldo González-Pech (1), María Gabriela Mancilla-Montelongo (3), Nadia Florencia Ojeda-Robertos (4), Cintli Martínez-Ortíz-de-Montellano (5) (1) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, México (2) Interactions Hôtes - Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, Francia (3) Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida, México (4) División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias (DACA), Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, México (5) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México  Abstract
The present work delves into the concept of infections by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in ruminants in the light of new findings of the animal-parasite-vegetation relationship and shows how to use these to guide the rational use of alternative control methods. First, we reflect on the control of the GIN in the current era and how the indiscriminate use of anthelmintics (AH) has generated a big problem of resistance to these drugs. The research on AH-resistant GIN helped to recognize that high GIN burdens are found in a low proportion of animals in each herd. This makes it possible to propose a new control paradigm based on the selective use of AH only in those animals that need treatment. It is proposed that low GIN infections in herds are due to: (i) the use of native GIN-resistant breeds, (ii) the low infectivity of grasslands for many months of the year, (iii) the consumption of native tropical plants containing secondary compounds (SC) affecting several stages of the GIN cycle, and (iv) grazing behaviour that limits the consumption of infective phases of GIN in low-rise fodder at hours of increased infectivity. There is a need to use a targeted selective treatment strategy aiming to reduce false positives and false negatives events commonly found in several strategies. To reduce reliance on conventional AH, alternative control methods affecting GIN phases outside or inside the host are required. Possibly many producers are already using some alternative method of control without being aware of this. For example, the use of tropical breeds takes advantage of their enhanced ability to resist GINs. In addition, browsing in the tropical forest vegetation involves consuming nutraceutical plants that provide nutrients and SC with AH activity. The aforementioned strategies can be reinforced with dietary supplementation to improve productivity and immune response against GINs. Some producers might be interested in rotational grazing, which serves to evade the infecting larvae in the pastures. In the future they may have access to nematophagous fungi that can be used to prevent L3 larvae from leaving the faeces and contaminate the fodder. One element that will be important is the Barbervax© vaccine that uses an antigen obtained from the Haemonchus contortus intestine to generate antibodies against that parasite achieving parasitic burdens reductions >90%. In conclusion, it is necessary to continue deepening the animal-parasite-vegetation relationship in order to be leaded by such knowledge to make better decisions about control methods. All this to allow the sustainability of the GIN control strategy in each herd. Keywords: Post-anthelmintic era. Alternative control methods. Combined control strategies. |
IGA Blog
The International Goat Association promotes goat research and development for the benefit of humankind, to alleviate poverty, to promote prosperity and to improve the quality of life. Archives
February 2021
Categories
All
|
RSS Feed
|
|
International Goat Association
12709 Grassy Drive Little Rock, Arkansas 72210 USA email: admin@iga-goatworld.com phone: +1-501-454-1641 |